The short version of Tuftsin analog fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
Reviewed 2026-02-05. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Characterization of Selank in laboratory settings relies on standard peptide analytical techniques. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography separates the peptide from related impurities and degradation products, while mass spectrometry confirms molecular identity through accurate mass measurement. Amino acid analysis and peptide sequencing verify the primary structure when reference material is unavailable. Because Selank is a short chain, fragmentation-based analysis produces a diagnostic ion pattern that supports confident identification.
Peptide stability depends strongly on temperature, moisture, and pH. Lyophilized Selank is generally most stable when stored cold and dry, with freezer temperatures commonly used for long-term storage. In solution, the compound is susceptible to hydrolysis and to microbial growth if it is not handled aseptically. The C-terminal proline-rich extension appears to slow enzymatic cleavage relative to tuftsin, though quantitative degradation rates vary with the matrix and the conditions tested. Published stability data specific to Selank remain sparse.
Quality assessment of Selank samples typically combines purity determination with identity confirmation and counter-ion analysis. Purity is usually reported as a percentage by chromatographic area, with values above 95 percent often quoted for research-grade material. Water content and residual solvents are checked in lyophilized batches because they affect both stability and accurate mass determination. A reported purity figure does not by itself establish that a sample is the intended sequence, so orthogonal methods are needed to rule out sequence isomers or truncation products.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, written TKPRPGP in one-letter notation. Its structure consists of the immunomodulatory tetrapeptide tuftsin, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg, extended at the carboxyl terminus by a Pro-Gly-Pro segment. The molecular formula is commonly given as C33H57N11O9, corresponding to a monoisotopic mass near 751.4 Da and an average molecular mass near 751.9 Da. All seven residues are proteinogenic amino acids, and the molecule carries no modified side chains or non-natural linkages.
The compound was designed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences during the 1980s and 1990s. The stated design goal was to retain the immunomodulatory and central nervous system activity attributed to tuftsin while improving resistance to enzymatic breakdown. Adding a proline-rich tail to the short parent peptide was a deliberate strategy, because proline residues restrict the conformations available to many peptidases. The same laboratory produced Semax, an ACTH fragment analog, and both compounds were developed in parallel as short, enzymatically stabilized peptides intended for intranasal use.
Selank is not a naturally occurring peptide and has no known endogenous counterpart in human physiology. Russian-language sources frequently call it TP-7, while English-language sources use the name Selank almost exclusively. Database indexing is uneven, partly because early reports appeared in regional journals that are not widely cataloged. Some summaries describe the material as a tuftsin analog and others as a synthetic heptapeptide; the labels overlap rather than conflict. Citing the primary sequence resolves ambiguity more reliably than the research or trade name alone.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Typical storage temperature | -20 °C or below | For lyophilized powder, long term |
| Common analytical method | Reverse-phase HPLC | Usually paired with mass spectrometry |
| Typical reported purity | At or above 95 percent by area | Research-grade material |
| Aqueous solubility | High | Solutions used in laboratory assays |
| Moisture sensitivity | Hydrolyzes in solution | Aseptic handling reduces degradation |
Published work on this peptide almost always uses intranasal delivery, with drops or a spray applied to the nasal mucosa. Some animal experiments have used subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection, and a smaller number have compared routes directly. Oral administration is not a focus of the literature, because short peptides of this size are broken down by digestive enzymes and cross intestinal barriers poorly. How much of an intranasal dose reaches the bloodstream intact in humans remains an open question.
Animal studies have examined behaviour in tests of anxiety, memory retention and stress response, and several report changes in neurotrophic or neurotransmitter-related markers. The human evidence base is much smaller, consisting mainly of short trials conducted in Russia with limited reporting in English-language journals. Sample sizes are modest and outcome measures vary between studies, so the findings are best described as preliminary. Independent replication under modern trial standards has not been widely reported.
Proposed mechanisms centre on modulation of the GABAergic system, with reports of altered expression of genes related to GABA-A receptor subunits and changed monoamine turnover. Some studies describe inhibition of enkephalinase, the enzyme that degrades endogenous enkephalins, which may prolong opioid peptide signalling. Effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and on cytokine expression have also been reported. These findings come largely from animal models and small human studies, and the precise primary target remains unresolved.
Published clinical evidence is limited. Most controlled trials were conducted in Russia, enrolled modest numbers of participants, and appeared in Russian-language journals, which restricts independent verification. Reported outcomes include lower anxiety scores, improved attention and memory measures, and changes in fatigue ratings. Reviews written in English note methodological limitations such as small samples and inconsistent endpoints. Whether the compound produces clinically meaningful benefit relative to established anxiolytics is therefore an open question rather than an established finding.
== Treatment == The goals of treatment in IPF are essentially to reduce the symptoms, stop disease progression, prevent acute exacerbations, and prolong survival. Preventive care (e.g. vaccinations) and symptom-based treatment should be started early in every patient.
== Related substrates == In some species, the kynurenine pathway also processes 6-bromotryptophan, leading to the analogous series of brominated metabolites. These and subsequent derivatives are believed to be responsible for the biofluorescence observed in the skin of the swell shark and the chain catshark.
==== Genicular artery embolization ==== Genicular artery embolization (GAE) is a minimally invasive image-guide procedure performed by interventional radiologists which involves blocks the abnormal vessels to reduce inflammation, ultimately reducing knee pain. By 12 months post-procedure, 78% and 92% of patients meet the clinical threshold for significant pain reduction by visual analog scale and total WOMAC score, respectively.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Governors (1947–1958) === Gaston Mourgues (6 September 1947 – 29 April 1948), acting Albert Mouragues (29 April 1948 – 23 February 1953) Salvador Jean Étcheber (23 February 1953 – 3 November 1956) Yvon Bourges (3 November 1956 – 15 July 1958) Max Berthet (15 July 1958 – 11 December 1958), acting
== Biological roles == Retinol or other forms of vitamin A are needed for eyesight, maintenance of the skin, and human development. Other than for vision, which requires 11-cis retinal, the active compound is retinoic acid, synthesized from retinal, in turn synthesized from retinol. The differing biological roles of retinoic acid depend on its stereochemistry and whether it is present in the all-trans, 9-cis, or 13-cis forms.
In bio-informatics, a peptide-mass fingerprint or peptide-mass map is a mass spectrum of a mixture of peptides that comes from a digested protein being analyzed. The mass spectrum serves as a fingerprint in the sense that it is a pattern that can serve to identify the protein. The method for forming a peptide-mass fingerprint, developed in 1993, consists of isolating a protein, breaking it down into individual peptides, and determining the masses of the peptides through some form of mass spectrometry. Once formed, a peptide-mass fingerprint can be used to search in databases for related protein or even genomic sequences, making it a powerful tool for annotation of protein-coding genes. One major advantage to mass fingerprinting is that it is significantly faster to carry out than peptide sequencing, yet the results are equally useful. Disadvantages include the need for a single protein for analysis and the requirement that the protein sequence is located, at least with significant homology, in a database. Because the mass of individual peptides is measured in forming a fingerprint, mixtures of different proteins can yield unreliable results. Therefore, sample preparation is an important step in the process. Even then, if reliable results are obtained, there must be a matching peptide sequence in the database you are searching in order for the results to be useful.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Other medications used include glucocorticoids (Deflazacort, Vamorolone); calcium channel blockers (Diltiazem); to slow skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration, anticonvulsants to control seizures and some muscle activity, and Histone deacetylase inhibitors (Givinostat) to delay damage to dying muscle cells. Various figures of the occurrence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy are reported. One source reports that it affects about one in 3,500 to 6,000 males at birth in the U.S., (or 17 to 29 per 100,000 U.S. male births). Another source reports Duchenne muscular dystrophy being a rare disease and having an occurrence of 7.1 per 100,000 male births globally. A number of sources referenced in this article indicate an occurrence of 6 per 100,000. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common type of muscular dystrophy, with a median life expectancy of 27–31 years. However, with comprehensive care, some individuals may live into their 30s or 40s. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is considerably rarer in females, occurring in approximately one in 50,000,000 live female births.
==== 1100–1199 ==== Welfare Food Amendment Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/1105) A630 Trunk Road (Rotherham) (Detrunking) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/1107) Social Security (Claims and Payments) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/1113) Local Fisheries Committees (Fees for Copy Byelaws) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/1116) Legal Aid in Family Proceedings (Remuneration) (Amendment) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/1117) Central and Fife Regions and Clackmannan and Dunfermline Districts (River Forth, Kilbagie Mill, Slack Cottage and River Black Devon) Boundaries Amendment Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/1118) Transport and Works Applications (Inland Waterways Procedure) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/1119) Local Government Finance (Housing) (Consequential Amendments) (Amendment) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/1120) Road Traffic (Training of Drivers of Vehicles Carrying Dangerous Goods) (Amendment) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/1122) Value Added Tax (Education) (No. 2) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/1124) Grampian Region (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/1125) Moray Health Services National Health Service Trust (Appointment of Trustees) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/1126) Royal Scottish National Hospital and Community National Health Service Trust (Appointment of Trustees) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/1127) Royal Alexandra Hospital National Health Service Trust (Appointment of Trustees) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/1128) Raigmore Hospital National Health Service Trust (Appointment of Trustees) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/1129) Grampian Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Appointment of Trustees) Order 1993 (S.I.
==== Pancreatic cancer ==== First-in-human application of different αvβ6-integrin radiotracers has demonstrated that 68Ga-Trivehexin performed especially well in detecting pancreatic cancer, showing high uptake in tumor lesions and low background in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) (see image). Since its introduction, 68Ga-Trivehexin has been used predominantly for PET/CT imaging of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), for example, in single cases and two cohorts (12 and 44 patients, respectively) of suspected or known PDAC.
The racial makeup of Raleigh in 2023 was 52.5% non-Hispanic White, 28.1% Black or African American, 0.3% American Indian or Alaska Native, 4.5% Asian American, 0.1% from some other race, 6.9% two or more races, 11.6% Hispanic or Latin American of any race. According to the 2010 United States census, the racial composition of the city was: 57.5% White (53.3% non-Hispanic White), 29.3% Black or African American, 4.3% Asian American (1.2% Indian, 0.8% Chinese, 0.7% Vietnamese, 0.5% Korean, 0.4% Filipino, 0.1% Japanese), 2.6% two or more races, 1.4% some other race, 0.5% Native American, and <0.1% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander In addition, 11.4% of city residents were Hispanic or Latino Americans, of any race (5.9% Mexican, 1.1% Puerto Rican, 0.9% Salvadoran, 0.6% Dominican, 0.6% Honduran, 0.3% Colombian, 0.3% Cuban, 0.2% Guatemalan, 0.2% Spanish, 0.2% Peruvian, 0.1% Venezuelan, 0.1% Ecuadorian, 0.1% Argentine, and 0.1% Panamanian). In 2000, the racial composition of the city was: 63.31% White, 27.80% Black or African American, 7.01% Hispanic or Latino American, 3.38% Asian American, 0.36% Native American, 0.04% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 3.24% some other race, and 1.88% two or more races.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The most common approach combines reverse-phase liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Chromatography separates the components while mass spectrometry confirms the molecular mass. Peptide sequencing or tandem mass analysis can further verify the amino acid order.
Lyophilized powder is usually kept frozen and protected from moisture. Solutions are less stable and are often used promptly or divided into aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Exact shelf-life values depend on purity and handling.
No. A purity figure derived from chromatographic area does not prove the amino acid sequence. Identity requires an orthogonal method such as mass spectrometry or sequencing. Truncated or isomerized peptides can co-elute with the target compound.
The sequence is Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, written TKPRPGP in one-letter code. It combines the tetrapeptide tuftsin with a carboxyl-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension. This full sequence identifies the molecule more precisely than the research name.